| Germany 1) | Finland | France 2) | Ireland | Italy 3) | Netherlands | Austria 4) | Portugal 5) | Sweden 6) | Spain 7) | EU27 8) | United Kingdom | ||
| Government expenditure on R&D | Year 9) | Millions of US dollars | |||||||||||
1.a Total R&D expenditure
10) | 1981 | 8,793.9 | 267.0 | 7,203.8 | 86.9 | 3,246.9 | 1,404.8 | 409.2 | m | 1,069.1 | 737.8 | m | 6,656.8 |
1982 | 9,715.4 | 309.0 | 7,991.5 | 92.4 | 3,376.5 | 1,600.2 | 457.9 | m | 1,213.3 | 790.0 | m | 6,819.9 | |
1983 | 9,713.0 | 335.8 | 8,789.9 | 89.0 | 3,847.8 | 1,668.7 | 499.7 | m | 1,362.5 | 804.3 | m | 7,271.4 | |
1984 | 10,031.6 | 365.3 | 9,474.4 | 92.1 | 4,428.3 | 1,713.8 | 541.7 | m | 1,459.8 | 921.7 | m | 7,662.4 | |
1985 | 10,977.7 | 429.3 | 10,312.0 | 112.6 | 4,778.1 | 1,710.5 | 579.3 | m | 1,469.5 | 1,056.4 | m | 7,647.8 | |
1986 | 11,054.2 | 470.3 | 10,047.6 | 119.7 | 5,499.5 | 1,933.9 | 627.8 | 161.1 | 1,475.0 | 1,097.6 | m | 7,687.6 | |
1987 | 11,585.4 | 517.3 | 10,806.4 | 129.1 | 6,122.4 | 2,244.8 | 640.5 | 213.3 | 1,622.2 | 1,374.4 | m | 7,692.8 | |
1988 | 11,852.9 | 563.1 | 11,434.9 | 128.9 | 7,009.0 | 2,244.7 | 692.0 | 247.9 | 1,695.7 | 1,688.0 | m | 7,701.7 | |
1989 | 12,714.3 | 626.0 | 12,315.7 | 123.8 | 6,852.6 | 2,362.7 | 760.9 | 280.3 | 1,736.9 | 2,223.7 | m | 7,869.3 | |
1990 | 13,557.0 | 708.8 | 13,732.5 | 129.9 | 7,226.0 | 2,821.3 | 794.4 | 381.0 | 1,850.1 | 2,617.0 | m | 7,857.7 | |
1991 | 15,940.2 | 809.6 | 13,956.2 | 146.1 | 7,729.1 | 2,725.5 | 954.4 | 440.8 | 1,977.9 | 2,805.8 | 53,040.7 | 7,744.8 | |
1992 | 16,351.2 | 861.9 | 13,532.3 | 161.8 | 8,483.5 | 2,726.4 | 1,016.5 | 564.6 | 2,012.6 | 2,785.0 | 53,931.0 | 7,744.8 | |
1993 | 16,257.6 | 909.8 | 13,541.8 | 181.3 | 7,455.0 | 2,735.1 | 1,134.1 | 575.9 | 2,049.0 | 2,718.1 | 52,914.9 | 8,209.4 | |
1994 | 16,037.5 | 918.5 | 13,710.0 | 168.6 | 7,040.0 | 2,774.3 | 1,224.3 | 557.3 | 2,010.0 | 2,761.8 | 52,534.0 | 7,960.4 | |
1995 | 16,422.9 | 943.9 | 13,387.8 | 215.4 | 6,842.2 | 2,851.5 | 1,226.1 | 590.1 | 2,092.7 | 3,002.8 | 53,117.0 | 7,908.8 | |
1996 | 16,891.7 | 946.3 | 13,351.4 | 241.4 | 7,156.0 | 2,850.8 | 1,202.9 | 693.3 | 2,116.8 | 3,058.0 | 54,411.3 | 8,162.3 | |
1997 | 16,452.6 | 1,196.7 | 12,953.5 | 241.5 | 7,734.7 | 3,117.0 | 1,216.0 | 743.3 | m | 3,373.3 | 55,255.7 | 8,499.7 | |
1998 | 16,534.3 | 1,260.3 | 13,210.8 | 248.7 | 7,672.9 | 3,167.5 | 1,309.0 | 824.3 | 1,634.4 | 4,073.9 | 56,530.4 | 8,093.7 | |
1999 | 17,107.2 | 1,285.4 | 13,531.6 | 278.4 | 7,538.5 | 3,349.1 | 1,387.0 | 974.4 | 1,632.4 | 4,378.5 | 58,400.0 | 8,716.4 | |
2000 | 17,233.8 | 1,317.0 | 14,879.9 | 320.1 | 9,508.4 | 3,801.5 | 1,418.5 | 1,079.2 | 1,725.8 | 5,134.9 | 63,837.7 | 9,492.1 | |
2001 | 17,704.9 | 1,348.9 | 16,276.2 | 386.3 | 10,349.9 | 3,984.5 | 1,526.5 | 1,159.4 | 2,035.5 | 6,036.9 | 68,782.8 | 9,722.3 | |
2002 | 18,326.6 | 1,391.3 | 17,207.0 | 475.2 | m | 4,336.0 | 1,630.0 | 923.5 | 2,263.6 | 7,235.5 | 72,850.1 | 11,493.7 | |
2003 | 19,087.8 | 1,450.0 | 16,996.4 | 526.4 | m | 4,250.4 | 1,635.1 | 929.6 | 2,451.2 | 7,562.9 | 74,582.0 | 11,781.5 | |
2004 | 19,362.8 | 1,577.4 | 17,009.7 | 612.0 | m | 4,319.0 | 1,751.5 | 961.6 | 2,479.9 | 5,879.7 | 74,007.8 | 12,291.6 | |
2005 | 19,732.0 | 1,648.0 | 18,220.2 | 710.7 | 11,199.3 | 4,391.9 | 1,836.6 | 1,045.6 | 2,508.0 | 6,440.7 | 77,493.5 | 12,116.1 | |
2006 | 20,773.9 | 1,778.1 | 16,320.2 | 780.2 | 11,057.8 | 4,868.0 | 1,973.8 | 1,074.5 | 2,718.3 | 9,154.0 | 81,573.1 | 12,889.3 | |
2007 | 22,340.1 | 1,861.3 | 15,877.6 | 933.7 | 12,282.5 | 5,061.6 | 2,039.4 | 1,164.3 | 2,784.7 | 10,907.6 | 87,446.4 | 13,178.0 | |
2008 | 24,002.6 | 1,988.6 | 19,222.1 | 985.1 | 12,685.7 | 5,404.0 | 2,325.3 | 1,283.2 | 2,915.4 | 11,592.3 | 96,720.3 | 13,160.6 | |
2009 | 26,765.7 | 2,151.0 | 20,293.5 | 987.9 | 12,677.1 | 5,718.4 | 2,547.9 | 1,467.0 | 3,168.4 | 12,104.9 | 102,673.6 | 13,277.7 | |
2010 | 28,584.4 | 2,297.2 | 19,139.8 | 970.8 | 12,347.7 | 5,686.3 | 2,694.9 | 1,563.0 | 3,269.0 | 11,427.2 | 103,045.8 | 13,314.6 | |
2011 | 30,103.1 | 2,306.8 | 19,983.8 | 946.2 | 12,075.3 | 5,950.6 | 2,920.6 | 1,251.4 | 3,276.2 | 10,155.5 | 104,426.4 | 12,902.2 | |
2012 | 30,575.2 | 2,272.1 | 17,925.9 | 914.1 | 11,798.8 | 5,672.9 | 3,014.8 | 974.0 | 3,602.1 | 8,899.8 | 101,888.3 | 12,974.6 | |
2013 | 32,745.9 | 2,228.8 | 18,457.1 | 889.5 | 11,453.0 | 6,006.6 | 3,246.3 | 1,155.9 | 3,662.5 | 8,420.5 | 106,187.3 | 14,362.8 | |
2014 | 33,186.3 | 2,206.3 | 18,349.2 | 887.4 | 11,425.0 | 6,026.0 | 3,314.3 | 1,087.4 | 3,766.6 | 8,721.4 | 107,231.1 | 14,571.5 | |
2015 | 34,098.5 | 2,205.0 | 17,526.4 | 909.4 | 11,333.0 | 6,025.7 | 3,436.2 | 1,174.1 | 3,741.9 | 9,089.8 | 108,329.8 | 14,663.5 | |
2016 | 37,667.8 | 2,084.7 | 18,009.5 | 905.6 | 12,467.6 | 6,192.8 | 3,701.4 | 1,240.2 | 3,897.9 | 9,422.4 | 114,605.6 | 15,006.9 | |
2017 | 40,496.1 | 2,183.6 | 19,150.4 | 930.6 | 12,743.8 | 6,338.9 | 3,728.7 | 1,270.4 | 4,034.1 | 9,505.6 | 120,369.8 | 16,000.0 | |
2018 | 43,184.5 | 2,285.2 | 20,577.9 | 966.5 | 13,224.4 | 7,107.7 | 3,806.3 | 1,303.7 | 4,084.4 | 9,922.0 | 126,826.5 | 17,184.5 | |
2019 | 47,363.6 | 2,431.1 | 22,922.0 | 1,010.1 | 15,195.0 | 7,343.6 | 4,076.3 | 1,356.8 | 4,312.3 | 10,730.6 | 141,888.3 | 18,179.8 | |
2020 | 52,588.0 | 2,850.7 | 24,541.9 | 1,117.8 | 17,428.7 | 8,108.2 | 4,510.3 | 1,365.1 | 4,560.0 | 11,485.1 | 155,978.9 | 21,432.5 | |
2021 | 57,624.1 | 2,855.9 | 25,748.1 | 1,260.2 | 18,909.4 | 9,334.6 | 4,582.7 | 1,448.9 | 5,136.5 | 12,678.5 | 169,091.2 | 21,751.3 | |
2022 | 61,996.1 | 3,121.4 | 26,551.9 | 1,306.0 | 21,561.3 | 10,369.2 | 5,174.3 | 1,531.7 | 5,202.9 | 13,825.7 | 180,653.1 | m | |
2023 | 63,466.9 | m | m | m | m | 12,296.4 | 5,891.2 | m | 5,502.0 | m | m | m | |
1.b Civil R&D expenditure
10) | 1981 | 8,014.5 | 261.9 | 4,437.2 | 86.9 | 3,037.3 | 1,361.5 | 409.0 | m | 904.1 | 701.5 | m | 3,576.0 |
1982 | 8,886.7 | 303.0 | 5,098.3 | 92.4 | 3,215.8 | 1,549.3 | 457.8 | m | 985.7 | 739.4 | m | 3,742.8 | |
1983 | 8,780.0 | 329.3 | 5,911.7 | 89.0 | 3,628.1 | 1,622.8 | 499.5 | m | 1,070.8 | 753.0 | m | 3,850.3 | |
1984 | 9,030.9 | 358.2 | 6,370.2 | 92.1 | 4,059.9 | 1,663.9 | 541.5 | m | 1,133.2 | 860.7 | m | 3,954.8 | |
1985 | 9,668.1 | 421.8 | 6,955.7 | 112.6 | 4,303.6 | 1,659.1 | 579.1 | m | 1,116.6 | 982.0 | m | 4,139.8 | |
1986 | 9,715.0 | 462.6 | 6,740.3 | 119.7 | 5,031.5 | 1,880.2 | 627.7 | 161.1 | 1,092.4 | 1,034.0 | m | 4,218.7 | |
1987 | 10,116.9 | 508.7 | 6,927.4 | 129.1 | 5,691.8 | 2,189.2 | 640.4 | 213.3 | 1,201.6 | 1,252.1 | m | 4,177.4 | |
1988 | 10,383.6 | 554.3 | 7,173.5 | 128.9 | 6,283.2 | 2,179.1 | 692.0 | 247.9 | 1,288.9 | 1,474.6 | m | 4,349.4 | |
1989 | 11,088.0 | 616.0 | 7,755.9 | 123.8 | 6,387.1 | 2,294.9 | 760.8 | 280.3 | 1,308.1 | 1,798.3 | m | 4,352.2 | |
1990 | 11,730.4 | 698.4 | 8,232.7 | 129.9 | 6,782.6 | 2,742.8 | 794.1 | 381.0 | 1,413.2 | 2,134.3 | m | 4,440.8 | |
1991 | 14,189.5 | 798.1 | 8,921.1 | 146.1 | 7,117.9 | 2,643.5 | 954.2 | 437.7 | 1,437.5 | 2,333.8 | 44,453.8 | 4,342.1 | |
1992 | 14,710.7 | 848.8 | 8,698.8 | 161.8 | 7,884.5 | 2,638.7 | 1,016.4 | 560.6 | 1,523.0 | 2,377.2 | 45,777.1 | 4,586.4 | |
1993 | 14,872.5 | 890.6 | 9,031.2 | 181.3 | 6,819.1 | 2,652.5 | 1,134.1 | 574.2 | 1,567.7 | 2,377.0 | 45,377.6 | 4,762.0 | |
1994 | 14,664.2 | 899.2 | 9,176.8 | 168.6 | 6,414.9 | 2,686.1 | 1,224.1 | 548.9 | 1,630.4 | 2,469.2 | 45,148.0 | 4,865.4 | |
1995 | 14,935.3 | 924.3 | 9,374.3 | 215.4 | 6,519.4 | 2,765.3 | 1,226.0 | 574.7 | 1,655.7 | 2,690.4 | 46,353.2 | 5,018.8 | |
1996 | 15,211.3 | 927.0 | 9,380.8 | 241.4 | 6,936.9 | 2,749.6 | 1,202.8 | 678.3 | 1,674.7 | 2,728.3 | 47,556.4 | 5,156.4 | |
1997 | 14,877.4 | 1,178.2 | 9,690.9 | 241.5 | 7,393.5 | 3,021.8 | 1,216.0 | 733.0 | m | 2,712.8 | 48,929.8 | 5,237.7 | |
1998 | 15,086.4 | 1,243.1 | 10,122.1 | 248.7 | 7,469.1 | 3,089.3 | 1,308.9 | 813.3 | 1,515.0 | 2,894.5 | 50,301.2 | 5,180.7 | |
1999 | 15,682.5 | 1,267.8 | 10,454.6 | 278.4 | 7,444.1 | 3,275.0 | 1,387.0 | 958.9 | 1,512.4 | 3,233.3 | 52,348.4 | 5,482.4 | |
2000 | 15,890.8 | 1,299.9 | 11,695.2 | 320.1 | 9,434.9 | 3,734.9 | 1,418.2 | 1,066.4 | 1,603.0 | 3,791.9 | 57,589.0 | 6,108.2 | |
2001 | 16,399.6 | 1,327.9 | 12,563.7 | 386.3 | 9,933.3 | 3,914.8 | 1,526.3 | 1,135.4 | 1,737.7 | 3,783.9 | 60,574.3 | 6,751.7 | |
2002 | 17,326.6 | 1,369.4 | 13,255.5 | 475.2 | m | 4,266.3 | 1,630.0 | 923.0 | 1,774.4 | 5,309.7 | 64,872.0 | 7,522.3 | |
2003 | 17,842.6 | 1,408.4 | 13,104.4 | 526.4 | m | 4,178.0 | 1,635.1 | 929.1 | 1,943.6 | 5,755.4 | 66,488.7 | 7,927.1 | |
2004 | 18,231.7 | 1,541.4 | 13,233.5 | 612.0 | m | 4,266.5 | 1,751.3 | 961.0 | 2,067.1 | 5,610.4 | 67,806.6 | 8,536.7 | |
2005 | 18,597.0 | 1,593.5 | 14,423.0 | 710.7 | 10,792.4 | 4,304.2 | 1,836.3 | 1,044.9 | 2,071.0 | 6,190.4 | 71,208.6 | 9,274.3 | |
2006 | 19,427.7 | 1,728.6 | 11,761.8 | 780.2 | 10,907.2 | 4,771.0 | 1,973.7 | 1,073.9 | 2,260.5 | 8,906.3 | 74,535.7 | 9,827.8 | |
2007 | 20,989.1 | 1,817.0 | 11,303.4 | 933.7 | 11,724.7 | 4,970.9 | 2,039.3 | 1,163.5 | 2,327.4 | 10,617.4 | 79,919.4 | 10,145.9 | |
2008 | 22,555.7 | 1,933.1 | 15,128.6 | 985.1 | 12,527.7 | 5,313.4 | 2,325.1 | 1,282.2 | 2,553.1 | 11,239.4 | 89,952.0 | 10,306.5 | |
2009 | 25,309.3 | 2,112.2 | 15,867.0 | 987.9 | 12,590.2 | 5,619.7 | 2,547.7 | 1,464.8 | 2,903.1 | 11,828.9 | 95,796.5 | 10,791.9 | |
2010 | 27,151.7 | 2,234.7 | 16,326.2 | 970.8 | 12,265.8 | 5,597.2 | 2,694.7 | 1,560.2 | 3,021.8 | 11,264.9 | 97,907.3 | 10,885.8 | |
2011 | 28,914.7 | 2,248.1 | 18,625.3 | 946.2 | 11,987.4 | 5,862.9 | 2,920.5 | 1,248.5 | 3,020.6 | 9,985.6 | 100,933.5 | 11,034.5 | |
2012 | 29,398.0 | 2,213.6 | 16,649.3 | 914.1 | 11,714.2 | 5,578.4 | 3,014.6 | 972.9 | 3,312.0 | 8,745.7 | 98,407.7 | 10,874.3 | |
2013 | 31,526.4 | 2,186.5 | 17,295.9 | 889.5 | 11,363.0 | 5,932.5 | 3,246.0 | 1,153.5 | 3,515.8 | 8,298.7 | 103,069.2 | 12,162.6 | |
2014 | 31,915.2 | 2,159.0 | 17,133.3 | 887.4 | 11,330.6 | 5,952.5 | 3,313.1 | 1,083.7 | 3,625.2 | 8,611.8 | 103,997.0 | 12,115.7 | |
2015 | 33,035.7 | 2,164.0 | 16,268.3 | 909.4 | 11,247.4 | 5,949.7 | 3,435.1 | 1,170.4 | 3,616.8 | 8,960.4 | 105,253.4 | 12,298.9 | |
2016 | 36,658.4 | 2,044.4 | 16,717.9 | 905.6 | 12,389.8 | 6,116.0 | 3,698.0 | 1,236.3 | 3,764.7 | 9,327.9 | 111,231.4 | 12,637.5 | |
2017 | 38,946.6 | 2,135.4 | 17,624.6 | 930.6 | 12,666.8 | 6,268.9 | 3,722.4 | 1,266.4 | 3,945.5 | 9,402.6 | 116,376.1 | 13,598.0 | |
2018 | 41,780.2 | 2,229.6 | 19,192.0 | 966.5 | 13,143.8 | 7,024.1 | 3,799.5 | 1,298.9 | 3,987.3 | 9,828.9 | 123,228.1 | 14,774.9 | |
2019 | 45,302.7 | 2,371.0 | 21,207.2 | 1,010.1 | 15,105.7 | 7,252.0 | 4,068.9 | 1,352.9 | 4,190.6 | 10,570.6 | 137,077.5 | 16,645.6 | |
2020 | 50,379.8 | 2,794.4 | 22,440.5 | 1,117.8 | 17,345.3 | 7,951.6 | 4,503.6 | 1,361.8 | 4,445.1 | 11,327.0 | 150,617.0 | 19,787.7 | |
2021 | 55,202.3 | 2,795.0 | 23,003.0 | 1,260.2 | 18,802.8 | 9,041.6 | 4,576.7 | 1,445.0 | 5,023.6 | 12,536.4 | 162,590.0 | 18,895.8 | |
2022 | 58,708.7 | 3,061.1 | 24,213.7 | 1,306.0 | 21,437.0 | 10,093.7 | 5,164.6 | 1,527.6 | 5,076.5 | 13,467.7 | 173,389.5 | m | |
2023 | 60,789.2 | m | m | m | m | 11,943.3 | 5,881.8 | m | 5,281.4 | m | m | m | |
| Average annual growth of R&D expenditure | Years 9) | Share (%) | |||||||||||
2.a Total expenditure | 1981 (1991) to 2023 (2022)
11) | 4.8 | 6.2 | 3.2 | 6.8 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 4.0 | 7.4 | 3.0 | 4.0 |
2019 to 2023 (2022)
11) | 7.6 | 8.7 | 5.0 | 8.9 | 12.4 | 13.8 | 9.6 | 4.1 | 6.3 | 8.8 | 9.4 | 8.4 | |
2.b Civil R&D expenditure | 1981 (1991) to 2023 (2022)
11) | 4.9 | 6.2 | 4.2 | 6.8 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 4.3 | 7.5 | 4.2 | 4.5 |
2019 to 2023 (2022)
11) | 7.6 | 8.9 | 4.5 | 8.9 | 12.4 | 13.3 | 9.6 | 4.1 | 6.0 | 8.4 | 6.5 | 8.1 | |
| Government expenditure on R&D | Year 9) | US dollars | |||||||||||
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita
10) | 1981 | 142.6 | 55.6 | 129.9 | 25.2 | 57.5 | 98.6 | 54.1 | m | 128.5 | 19.3 | m | 118.1 |
1982 | 157.6 | 64.0 | 143.2 | 26.6 | 59.7 | 111.8 | 60.5 | m | 145.7 | 20.6 | m | 121.2 | |
1983 | 158.1 | 69.2 | 156.7 | 25.4 | 68.0 | 116.1 | 66.1 | m | 163.6 | 20.8 | m | 129.1 | |
1984 | 164.0 | 74.8 | 168.0 | 26.1 | 78.3 | 118.8 | 71.6 | m | 175.1 | 23.8 | m | 135.8 | |
1985 | 179.9 | 87.6 | 182.0 | 31.8 | 84.4 | 118.1 | 76.6 | m | 176.0 | 27.2 | m | 135.2 | |
1986 | 181.0 | 95.6 | 176.4 | 33.8 | 97.2 | 132.8 | 82.9 | 15.9 | 176.2 | 28.1 | m | 135.6 | |
1987 | 189.7 | 104.9 | 188.7 | 36.4 | 108.2 | 153.1 | 84.6 | 21.1 | 193.2 | 35.1 | m | 135.4 | |
1988 | 192.9 | 113.8 | 198.5 | 36.5 | 123.8 | 152.1 | 91.2 | 24.6 | 201.0 | 43.1 | m | 135.3 | |
1989 | 204.9 | 126.1 | 212.6 | 35.3 | 120.9 | 159.2 | 99.9 | 27.9 | 204.5 | 56.6 | m | 137.9 | |
1990 | 214.3 | 142.1 | 235.7 | 37.0 | 127.4 | 188.8 | 103.5 | 38.1 | 216.2 | 66.5 | m | 137.3 | |
1991 | 199.3 | 161.5 | 238.4 | 41.4 | 136.1 | 180.9 | 123.1 | 44.2 | 229.5 | 71.2 | 125.7 | 134.8 | |
1992 | 203.1 | 171.0 | 230.0 | 45.5 | 149.4 | 179.6 | 129.6 | 56.7 | 232.2 | 70.5 | 127.6 | 134.5 | |
1993 | 200.8 | 179.6 | 229.2 | 50.7 | 131.2 | 178.9 | 143.5 | 57.7 | 235.0 | 68.7 | 124.9 | 142.2 | |
1994 | 197.6 | 180.5 | 231.1 | 47.0 | 123.8 | 180.4 | 154.3 | 55.7 | 228.9 | 69.6 | 123.7 | 137.6 | |
1995 | 202.0 | 184.8 | 224.9 | 59.8 | 120.4 | 184.5 | 154.3 | 58.9 | 237.1 | 75.6 | 124.9 | 136.3 | |
1996 | 207.3 | 184.7 | 223.5 | 66.6 | 125.9 | 183.6 | 151.1 | 68.9 | 239.4 | 76.7 | 127.8 | 140.3 | |
1997 | 201.8 | 232.8 | 216.1 | 65.9 | 136.0 | 199.7 | 152.6 | 73.5 | m | 84.2 | 129.6 | 145.8 | |
1998 | 203.0 | 244.6 | 219.5 | 67.0 | 134.8 | 201.7 | 164.1 | 81.1 | 184.7 | 101.3 | 132.4 | 138.4 | |
1999 | 210.1 | 248.9 | 223.7 | 74.2 | 132.4 | 211.8 | 173.5 | 95.4 | 184.3 | 108.5 | 136.6 | 148.5 | |
2000 | 211.6 | 254.4 | 244.3 | 84.1 | 167.0 | 238.7 | 177.1 | 104.9 | 194.5 | 126.6 | 149.0 | 161.2 | |
2001 | 217.2 | 260.0 | 265.3 | 100.0 | 181.6 | 248.3 | 189.8 | 111.9 | 228.8 | 148.1 | 160.4 | 164.5 | |
2002 | 224.7 | 267.5 | 278.4 | 120.8 | m | 268.5 | 201.7 | 88.6 | 253.6 | 174.7 | 169.5 | 193.6 | |
2003 | 234.1 | 278.1 | 273.1 | 131.7 | m | 262.0 | 201.4 | 88.9 | 273.6 | 179.2 | 172.9 | 197.6 | |
2004 | 237.7 | 301.7 | 271.3 | 150.5 | m | 265.3 | 214.4 | 91.7 | 275.7 | 137.2 | 171.0 | 205.0 | |
2005 | 242.6 | 314.1 | 288.4 | 170.8 | 192.5 | 269.1 | 223.3 | 99.5 | 277.8 | 147.5 | 178.4 | 200.6 | |
2006 | 255.9 | 337.6 | 256.6 | 182.7 | 189.3 | 297.8 | 238.7 | 102.1 | 299.4 | 206.4 | 187.2 | 211.9 | |
2007 | 275.8 | 351.9 | 248.1 | 212.2 | 209.0 | 309.0 | 245.9 | 110.4 | 304.4 | 241.1 | 199.9 | 214.9 | |
2008 | 297.2 | 374.3 | 298.7 | 219.1 | 214.2 | 328.6 | 279.4 | 121.5 | 316.2 | 252.1 | 220.4 | 212.9 | |
2009 | 332.6 | 402.9 | 313.7 | 217.6 | 212.9 | 345.9 | 305.4 | 138.8 | 340.7 | 261.1 | 233.2 | 213.3 | |
2010 | 356.0 | 428.3 | 294.4 | 212.9 | 206.4 | 342.2 | 322.3 | 147.8 | 348.6 | 245.4 | 233.7 | 212.2 | |
2011 | 375.0 | 428.1 | 305.9 | 206.7 | 201.2 | 356.5 | 348.2 | 118.5 | 346.7 | 217.3 | 236.5 | 203.9 | |
2012 | 380.2 | 419.7 | 273.0 | 198.8 | 196.0 | 338.6 | 357.8 | 92.6 | 378.4 | 190.3 | 230.4 | 203.7 | |
2013 | 406.0 | 409.8 | 279.7 | 192.5 | 189.9 | 357.5 | 382.9 | 110.5 | 381.5 | 180.7 | 239.9 | 224.0 | |
2014 | 409.8 | 403.9 | 276.7 | 190.7 | 189.4 | 357.3 | 387.9 | 104.5 | 388.5 | 187.7 | 241.9 | 225.6 | |
2015 | 417.4 | 402.3 | 263.2 | 193.7 | 188.2 | 355.7 | 398.2 | 113.4 | 381.9 | 195.9 | 243.9 | 225.2 | |
2016 | 457.4 | 379.4 | 269.5 | 190.7 | 207.4 | 363.6 | 423.5 | 120.1 | 392.8 | 202.9 | 257.4 | 228.6 | |
2017 | 489.9 | 396.4 | 285.3 | 193.8 | 212.4 | 370.0 | 424.0 | 123.3 | 401.1 | 204.3 | 269.9 | 242.3 | |
2018 | 520.9 | 414.3 | 305.1 | 198.8 | 220.9 | 412.5 | 430.7 | 126.8 | 401.4 | 212.3 | 283.9 | 258.7 | |
2019 | 570.0 | 440.3 | 338.3 | 205.0 | 254.4 | 423.4 | 459.2 | 131.9 | 419.5 | 227.8 | 316.9 | 272.2 | |
2020 | 632.4 | 515.4 | 360.9 | 224.4 | 293.2 | 464.9 | 505.8 | 132.6 | 440.4 | 242.6 | 348.0 | 319.5 | |
2021 | 692.6 | 515.4 | 377.3 | 251.1 | 319.8 | 532.4 | 511.9 | 140.7 | 493.1 | 267.6 | 377.5 | 324.5 | |
2022 | 739.8 | 561.7 | 387.8 | 255.3 | 365.4 | 585.8 | 571.6 | 148.7 | 496.1 | 289.2 | 402.5 | m | |
2023 | 751.0 | m | m | m | m | 687.8 | 645.0 | m | 522.2 | m | m | m | |
| Government expenditure on R&D | Year 9) | Share (%) | |||||||||||
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product | 1981 | 1.10 | 0.55 | 1.22 | 0.34 | 0.53 | 0.85 | 0.47 | m | 1.04 | 0.26 | m | 1.26 |
1982 | 1.15 | 0.58 | 1.24 | 0.34 | 0.52 | 0.92 | 0.49 | m | 1.10 | 0.25 | m | 1.19 | |
1983 | 1.09 | 0.59 | 1.30 | 0.31 | 0.56 | 0.91 | 0.50 | m | 1.17 | 0.24 | m | 1.17 | |
1984 | 1.05 | 0.60 | 1.33 | 0.30 | 0.60 | 0.87 | 0.52 | m | 1.16 | 0.27 | m | 1.17 | |
1985 | 1.09 | 0.66 | 1.38 | 0.34 | 0.62 | 0.82 | 0.53 | m | 1.10 | 0.29 | m | 1.09 | |
1986 | 1.05 | 0.69 | 1.29 | 0.36 | 0.68 | 0.89 | 0.55 | 0.20 | 1.06 | 0.29 | m | 1.04 | |
1987 | 1.06 | 0.71 | 1.32 | 0.36 | 0.71 | 0.98 | 0.54 | 0.24 | 1.10 | 0.33 | m | 0.96 | |
1988 | 1.01 | 0.71 | 1.29 | 0.33 | 0.75 | 0.92 | 0.54 | 0.25 | 1.08 | 0.37 | m | 0.88 | |
1989 | 1.01 | 0.72 | 1.28 | 0.29 | 0.69 | 0.89 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 1.04 | 0.45 | m | 0.84 | |
1990 | 0.98 | 0.78 | 1.34 | 0.27 | 0.68 | 0.98 | 0.53 | 0.32 | 1.06 | 0.49 | m | 0.80 | |
1991 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 1.30 | 0.29 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 0.60 | 0.35 | 1.11 | 0.50 | 0.81 | 0.78 | |
1992 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 1.21 | 0.30 | 0.74 | 0.86 | 0.61 | 0.43 | 1.12 | 0.48 | 0.80 | 0.76 | |
1993 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 1.19 | 0.32 | 0.64 | 0.84 | 0.66 | 0.44 | 1.13 | 0.46 | 0.77 | 0.76 | |
1994 | 0.86 | 0.98 | 1.16 | 0.28 | 0.58 | 0.81 | 0.68 | 0.41 | 1.05 | 0.45 | 0.73 | 0.70 | |
1995 | 0.85 | 0.94 | 1.08 | 0.32 | 0.54 | 0.79 | 0.65 | 0.41 | 1.03 | 0.46 | 0.70 | 0.66 | |
1996 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 1.05 | 0.32 | 0.55 | 0.75 | 0.62 | 0.46 | 1.00 | 0.45 | 0.69 | 0.64 | |
1997 | 0.82 | 1.07 | 0.97 | 0.29 | 0.57 | 0.77 | 0.60 | 0.47 | m | 0.47 | 0.68 | 0.63 | |
1998 | 0.80 | 1.04 | 0.94 | 0.27 | 0.54 | 0.73 | 0.62 | 0.49 | 0.71 | 0.53 | 0.66 | 0.58 | |
1999 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.27 | 0.52 | 0.72 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.67 | 0.54 | 0.66 | 0.61 | |
2000 | 0.77 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.28 | 0.62 | 0.75 | 0.60 | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.67 | 0.61 | |
2001 | 0.76 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.31 | 0.65 | 0.75 | 0.64 | 0.57 | 0.76 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.59 | |
2002 | 0.76 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.34 | m | 0.78 | 0.65 | 0.44 | 0.82 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.67 | |
2003 | 0.77 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.36 | m | 0.77 | 0.63 | 0.43 | 0.86 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.65 | |
2004 | 0.75 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.39 | m | 0.74 | 0.63 | 0.43 | 0.81 | 0.52 | 0.66 | 0.64 | |
2005 | 0.75 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.42 | 0.64 | 0.72 | 0.64 | 0.44 | 0.81 | 0.53 | 0.66 | 0.61 | |
2006 | 0.74 | 0.98 | 0.79 | 0.41 | 0.59 | 0.73 | 0.63 | 0.41 | 0.79 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.61 | |
2007 | 0.75 | 0.93 | 0.73 | 0.45 | 0.62 | 0.70 | 0.62 | 0.43 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.60 | |
2008 | 0.77 | 0.93 | 0.85 | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.46 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.68 | 0.58 | |
2009 | 0.89 | 1.06 | 0.90 | 0.53 | 0.62 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.52 | 0.85 | 0.81 | 0.73 | 0.61 | |
2010 | 0.90 | 1.10 | 0.82 | 0.49 | 0.59 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.54 | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.71 | 0.58 | |
2011 | 0.88 | 1.05 | 0.82 | 0.46 | 0.56 | 0.76 | 0.78 | 0.44 | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.55 | |
2012 | 0.88 | 1.03 | 0.72 | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.72 | 0.77 | 0.35 | 0.83 | 0.60 | 0.66 | 0.53 | |
2013 | 0.90 | 0.99 | 0.71 | 0.40 | 0.52 | 0.73 | 0.80 | 0.40 | 0.82 | 0.56 | 0.67 | 0.56 | |
2014 | 0.87 | 0.97 | 0.69 | 0.37 | 0.52 | 0.73 | 0.79 | 0.36 | 0.82 | 0.56 | 0.65 | 0.55 | |
2015 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 0.64 | 0.28 | 0.51 | 0.71 | 0.80 | 0.38 | 0.78 | 0.56 | 0.64 | 0.53 | |
2016 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.63 | 0.27 | 0.52 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.38 | 0.78 | 0.54 | 0.63 | 0.52 | |
2017 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 0.64 | 0.25 | 0.51 | 0.67 | 0.78 | 0.37 | 0.77 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 0.53 | |
2018 | 0.94 | 0.84 | 0.66 | 0.23 | 0.51 | 0.71 | 0.76 | 0.36 | 0.75 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 0.55 | |
2019 | 0.98 | 0.84 | 0.66 | 0.23 | 0.55 | 0.69 | 0.76 | 0.35 | 0.73 | 0.52 | 0.66 | 0.54 | |
2020 | 1.09 | 0.96 | 0.73 | 0.23 | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.86 | 0.37 | 0.76 | 0.62 | 0.74 | 0.67 | |
2021 | 1.12 | 0.89 | 0.71 | 0.22 | 0.64 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.36 | 0.78 | 0.61 | 0.73 | 0.61 | |
2022 | 1.11 | 0.90 | 0.68 | 0.19 | 0.65 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.33 | 0.73 | 0.59 | 0.70 | m | |
2023 | 1.08 | m | m | m | m | 0.88 | 0.87 | m | 0.74 | m | m | m | |
| Government expenditure on R&D | Years 9) | Share (%) | |||||||||||
5. Average annual growth of the nominal gross domestic product | 1981 (1991) to 2023 (2022)
11) | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 8.1 | 4.2 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.5 |
2019 to 2023 (2022)
11) | 4.9 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 10.6 | 5.6 | 7.2 | 5.8 | 7.2 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 6.0 | |
Source: German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, calculations; OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators July 2024
Notes:
1) Until 1990, western German Länder only.
2) 2006 and 2007: limited comparability because some departments have not been included in the calculation.
3) Until 1990, including extramural R&D expenditure.
4) Definition differs.
5) Until 2001, including EU funding programs.
6) Until 1993, excluding R&D in the social sciences and humanities. As of 1998, data exclude funding by public research foundations. Until 2005, central government R&D was taken into account only.
7) Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included, in order to ensure international comparability.
8) Status of EU membership as of February 2020 (excluding the United Kingdom). The results were calculated back to 1991.
9) Some figures are revised, provisional, estimated or only partly comparable with figures from previous years (see original edition of "Main Science and Technology Indicators July 2024").
10) Nominal expenditure converted into US dollar purchasing power parities.
11) The figures are based on years for that data are available.
data not available.
Last update: September 11, 2024
This work is licensed under a Data licence Germany attribution non-commercial 1.0.
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-nc-1-0)
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-nc-1-0)