Source: German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, calculations; OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators 2022/1

Notes:
¹⁾ Until 1990, western German Länder only.
²⁾ 2006 and 2007: limited comparability because some departments have not been included in the calculation.
³⁾ Until 1990, including extramural R&D expenditure.
⁴⁾ Definition differs.
⁵⁾ Until 2001, including EU funding programs.
⁶⁾ Until 1993, excluding R&D in the social sciences and humanities. As of 1998, data exclude funding by public research foundations. Until 2005, central government R&D was taken into account only.
⁷⁾ Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included, in order to ensure international comparability.
⁸⁾ Status of EU membership as of February 2020 (excluding the United Kingdom). The results were calculated back to 1991.
⁹⁾ Some figures are revised, provisional, estimated or only partly comparable with figures from previous years (see original edition of "Main Science and Technology Indicators 2022/1").
¹⁰⁾ Nominal expenditure converted into US dollar purchasing power parities.
¹¹⁾ The figures are based on years for that data are available.

m = data not available.

Last update: September 27, 2022